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Those models are unreliable due to the multiphase flow regime of the oil and gas mixture and consequently, the pressure drop in the wellbore is highly composition dependent. Conventional models of continuous gas-lift processes applied a black-oil treatment of the hydrocarbon fluids (Carroll et al. The availability of accurate, reliable mathematical models of the gas-lift process is vital for the design and operation of a gas-lift system. 1989 Weingarten and Euchner 1988 Hansen et al. Thus, as the gas starts being released from liquid form the probability of wax formation increases (Pedersen et al. The dissolved gas can be perceived as a solvent for organic deposits. Besides, the operating pressure in the wellbore also influences the formation of the organic wax deposits through its effects on the dissolved gas. Berne-Allen suggested that the WAT is one of the main factors, which needs to be taken into account when developing preventative strategies for handling wax deposition in oil wells. ( 2010) showed that waxes are precipitated as solids with the changing thermodynamic equilibrium when the oil temperature cools down lower than the wax appearance temperature (WAT). Wax is composed of n-paraffin, i-paraffin, and c-paraffin with carbon numbers from 18 to 65 (Berne-Allen and Work 1938 Lake et al. Furthermore, wax deposition in well tubing and processing equipment may lead to more frequent shutdowns and operational hazards and as a result cause dramatic reduction in production, equipment failures, loss of storage and transport capacity, and loss of efficiency. 2017 Drozdov and Gorbyleva 2019 Leontaritis et al. Wax precipitation may change the flow behavior of the crude oil from Newtonian to non-Newtonian which leads to higher liquid viscosity and consequently leads an increase in energy consumption for pumping as well as a decrease in pumping capacity (Zheng et al. Up to 80% of the world’s oil suffers when wax precipitates out and solidifies in formation pores and fluid flow channels, at the wellbore, on the sidewalls of wells, in the tubing, casings, pump strings, and in processing systems.
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A principal challenge in many oil industry production situations is paraffin wax. The gas-lift application can affect flow assurance issues. Sevic and Grubac ( 2017) show that as the gas enters the tubing, it forms bubbles and lightens the oil by reducing fluid density as well as lowering the flowing bottom hole pressure, creating a depression that allows the fluid to flow into the wellbore.įlow assurance in oil and gas production is regarded as the ability to produce fluids economically, from the reservoir to the surface over the life of a field and in any conditions. The compressed gas is injected down the production casing–tubing annulus, entering the tubing through the gas-lift valves. It is considered as one of the industry’s first and foremost choices to develop low-pressure oil fields, with the proviso that there is a sufficient supply of injection gas. Gas-lift is a simple reliable artificial lift method that is commonly used in offshore oil field development (Fleyfel et al. The optimal operating regime of the gas-lift well has been determined using a compositional multiphase model. Taking into account changes in the oil component composition during gas injection, the depth of wax formation has been determined by applying a highly accurate developed algorithm. This paper presents a detailed study of wax formation in a gas-lift well. Wax precipitation in well tubing and processing equipment might lead to dramatic reduction in production, equipment failures, loss of storage and transport capacity, and loss of efficiency. When the temperature of the oil falls below the wax appearance temperature, it leads to the formation of organic wax deposits. During the production of a gas-lift well, the injected compressed gas might cause changes in pressure, temperature as well as fluid composition. Gas-lift is one of the artificial methods in which gas is injected down the production casing–tubing annulus and enters the production tubing through a number of gas-lift valves.